ADVERB CLAUSES OF TIME

Using adverb clauses to show time relationships.

An adverb clause of time shows when something happens.  It is usually introduced by time adverbs. Examples are: before, after, as, when, while, until, as soon as, since, no sooner than, as long as etc. Note that all adverb clauses are subordinate clauses. They cannot stand on their own and must be attached to an independent clause.

Read the examples given below.
>> I always take a bath before I go to bed.
>> Will you wait here until I am ready?
>> I was not at home when he came to see me.
>> Do not disturb me when I am busy with my work.
>> As soon as she finished that project, she started working on the next.
>> After I have finished my work, I will accompany you to the park.

Notes

An adverb clause of time can come before or after the main clause. When it comes before the main clause, we usually separate it with a comma. Commas are not necessary when the adverb clause goes after the main clause.

>> Whenever I think of her, my eyes get misty.

>> My eyes get misty whenever I think of her.

Tense

If you are talking about something that is yet to happen in the future, use a present tense in the adverb clause and a future tense in the main clause.

>> I will start when I am ready. (NOT I will start when I will be ready.)

>> I will not go until I get my money back. (NOT I will not go until I will get my 

APPLIED LINGUISTICS | PSYCHOLINGUISTICS

What is Applied Linguistics?

 

Applied Linguistics is concerned with the systematic study of language structure, the acquisition of first and subsequent languages, the role of language in communication, and the status of language as the product of particular cultures and other social groups.

A background in linguistics is essential for language teachers, translators, speech-language pathologists, audiologists, and many other language professionals.

1.Applied linguistics is defined as ‘the academic discipline concerned with the relation of knowledge about language to decision making in the real world. (Cook in Davies 2007: 2)¹

2.Applied linguistics is a discipline which explores the relations between theory and practice in language with particular reference to issues of language use. It embraces contexts in which people use and learn languages and is a platform for systematically addressing problems involving the use of language and communication in real world situations. Applied linguistics draws on a range of disciplines, including linguistics. In consequence, applied linguistics has applications in several areas of language study, including language learning and teaching, the psychology of language processing, discourse analysis, stylistics, corpus analysis, literacy studies and language planning and policies. (Knight, Dawn)

3.Applied linguistics is the academic field which connects knowledge about language to decision-making in the real world.” (Simpson, 2011, 1)⁵

4.Applied linguistics is 1) the study of second and foreign language learning and teaching. 2) the study of language and linguistics in relation to practical problems, such as LEXICOGRAPHY, TRANSLATION, SPEECH PATHOLOGY, etc. Applied linguistics uses information from sociology, psychology, anthropology, and INFORMATION THEORY as well as from linguistics in order to develop its own theoretical models of language and language use, and then uses this information and theory in practical areas such as syllabus design, SPEECH THERAPY, LANGUAGE PLANNING, STYLISTICS, etc. (Richards, Scmidt 2002: 28)⁶

Applied Linguistics:

• Examines the structure of language and its role in communication
• Explores how children acquire language
• Studies how the skills of second-language speakers develop
• Investigates how the social or cultural environment interacts with language 

 

The Scope of Applied Linguistics

According to Corder (1974) in Mai Mustafa Fouad Rafat Ali, the scope of applied linguistics is the utilization of the knowledge about the nature of language achieved by linguistics research for the improvement of the efficiency of some practical task in which language is a central component.
In other side, Mai Mustafa Fouad Rafat Ali stated that the scope of applied linguistics includes:

1.      Language and Teaching

2.      Language and Society

3.      Language Education/Learning

4.      Language, Work and Law

5.      Language, Information and Effect

 

In this time,Im going to explain more detail about Psycolinguistics
 

Psycholinguistics

Psycholinguistics or psychology of language is the study of the psychological and neurobiological factors that enable humans to acquire, use, comprehend and produce language.

         

a.   psycholinguistics is a field of study that combines psychology and linguistics. It covers language development. (Lim Kiat Boey).

b.  psycholinguistics is the study of human language –language comprehension, language production, and language acquisition  (E.M. Hatch)

The three primary processes investigated in Psycholinguistics

• · Language comprehension  

•   Language production
  
  
  
• ·         Language acquisition
  
  
  
   
   
  
• When is psycholinguistics studied?
  Ø  Psycholinguistics research started as far banck as plato,who was interested in human knowledge and language,however,it became a concern in linguistics during the second half of the nineteenth century with linguist looking at language acquisition,
  Ø  In 1960,Charles hockett published a list of design feautures of human language,where he identified 13 different feautures,that the language we use to communicates as human ,is characterized by.
  Ø  In the late twentieth century,willem levelt did a great deal of study on what he called ‘the menta lexicon’.his work has become more prominentin recent years,especially his research into speech production.
  Ø  Since the 1990s,theadvances in brain scanning and mapping have provided new information for psycholinguistics,meaning we can now see brain activity relating to word processing ,comprehension.
  
  
  Expert in Psycholinguistic
  
  

  Charles E. Osgood

  
  Ø  Lahir: 20 November 1916, Somerville, Massachusetts, Amerika
  Ø  Meninggal: 15 September 1991
  Ø  Pendidikan: Universitas Yale (1945)
  Penghargaan: Beasiswa Guggenheim untuk Kemanusiaan, AS & Kanada
  

  Biographical Notes

  1945-46	Research Associate, Yale
  		Assistant Professor of Psychology, University of Connecticut
  	1949-52	Associate Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois
  	1952-84	Professor of Communications and Psychology, University of Illinois
  	1957-84	Director of Communications Research Center, University of Illinois

  
  

  Major themes developed and researched:

  Psycholinguistic research and theory
  Cross-cultural research on affective meaning and attribution of feelings
  Psycho-social dynamics and the prospects for mankind
  
  

  Associations:

  Guggenheim Fellow
  Fellow, Center Advanced Study in Behavioral Sciences, Palo Alto
  Member, American Psychological Association (president, 1962-63)
  American Academy of Arts and Sciences
  National Academy of Sciences
  
  
   I'm sorry if there are many mistakes in this blog. I hope you will get the knowledge from this blog.Thank you:)
   
  http://archives.library.illinois.edu/ead/ua/1305020/1305020f.html
    http://wwhttps://fatchulfkip.wordpress.com/2008/03/19/psycholinguistics/w.slideshare.net/yantsuthungerui/psycholinguistics-26244042